Títulos honoríficos budistas japoneses

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El budismo ha sido practicado en Japón desde aproximadamente el siglo VI d.C.

El budismo japonés ha dado lugar a numerosas escuelas budistas nuevas; algunas de estas escuelas son originales de Japón, mientras que otras se derivan de escuelas budistas chinas.

La reforma del budismo en Japón

Existieron una amplia gama de estrategias y movimientos de reforma que tenían como objetivo posicionar al budismo como un socio útil en un Japón en proceso de modernización.

Esto incluyó reformas clericales para fortalecer la disciplina, así como reformas relacionadas con la doctrina y la práctica.

Algunos budistas buscaron modernizar el pensamiento budista combinándolo con la ciencia y la filosofía occidentales.

Las instituciones y sistemas Zen

Las instituciones Zen, por ejemplo, cuentan con un elaborado sistema de rangos y jerarquías que determinan la posición de cada individuo dentro de la institución. Dentro de este sistema, los novicios se entrenan para convertirse en sacerdotes Zen o en formadores de nuevos novicios.

Rōshi (老師), por ejemplo, es un título en el budismo Zen que tiene diferentes usos dependiendo de la secta y el país.

En el Zen Rinzai, el término se reserva únicamente para aquellos individuos que han recibido inka shōmei, lo que significa que han completado todo el currículo de kōan.

En el Zen Sōtō y en Sanbo Kyodan, se utiliza de manera más flexible.

Esto es especialmente cierto en los Estados Unidos y Europa, donde casi cualquier maestro que haya recibido la transmisión del dharma podría ser llamado rōshi, o incluso usarlo para referirse a sí mismo, una práctica que no se escucha en Japón.

Títulos honoríficos budistas japoneses

Esta es una lista de títulos honoríficos budistas japoneses comúnmente utilizados entre los practicantes.

Ajari

Ajari (阿闍梨) es un término japonés que se utiliza en varias escuelas del budismo en Japón, específicamente en Tendai y Shingon, en referencia a un monje senior que enseña a los estudiantes; a menudo abreviado como jari. El término es una interpretación japonesa de la transliteración china del sánscrito «âcârya», que significa «uno que conoce y enseña las reglas». En la tradición Sōtō, este título se utiliza en referencia a cualquier monje que ha completado cinco ango, como una forma de demostrar respeto y reverencia hacia ellos.

Tenzo

Tenzo is a title given to the chef at a Buddhist monastery. The word tenzo is Japanese for «seat of ceremony», similar to the english term «master of ceremonies.»

Jisha

Jisha (侍者), along with the titles inji and sannō, are Japanese terms used in reference to the personal attendant of a monastery’s abbot or teacher in Zen Buddhism. In the Rinzai school, the term is usually either inji or sannō. According to the book 3 Bowls: Vegetarian Recipes from an American Zen Buddhist Monastery, «While the jikijitsu is the stern father of the zendo, the jisha is the den mother, balancing the strictness that his counterpoint establishes. The jisha prepares for and greets all guests, tends to the needs of the students, takes care of the sick, and organizes the cleaning of the monastery.» According to author Victor Sōgen Hori, «In the Northern Sung period, a master of a large monastery had two attendants, but by the Yüan period the number of attendants had increased to five: an incense attendant, a secretary attendant, a guest attendant, a robe attendant, and a ‘hot water and medicine’ attendant who cooked for him.»

Kaisan

Kaisan (開山) is a Japanese term used in reference to the founder of a school of Buddhism or the founder of a temple, literally meaning «mountain opener» or «to open a mountain.» Chan monasteries of China and Japan have traditionally been built in mountainous regions, with the name of whatever mountain it has been built upon then fixed upon the monastery as well as the founding abbot.

Monshu

The Monshu (門主), or keeper of the gate is a term sometimes used in Japanese Buddhism to denote the head of a monastery, as in the case of Jōdo-shū and Tendai Buddhism, but in the case of the Nishi Hongan-ji sub-sect of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism, it refers to the spiritual leader of the sect, and direct descendant of its founder Shinran.

Oshō

Oshō (和尚) is a Buddhist priest ; honorific title of preceptor or high priest. The same kanji are also pronounced kashō as an honorific title of preceptor or high priest in Tendai or Kegon Buddhism and wajō as an honorific title of preceptor or high priest in Shingon, Hossō, Ritsu, or Shin Buddhism.

Rōshi

Rōshi (老師) is a title in Zen Buddhism with different usages depending on sect and country. In Rinzai Zen, the term is reserved only for individuals who have received inka shōmei, meaning they have completed the entire kōan curriculum; this amounts to a total of fewer than 100 people at any given time. In Sōtō Zen and Sanbo Kyodan it is used more loosely. This is especially the case in the United States and Europe, where almost any teacher who has received dharma transmission might be called rōshi, or even use it to refer to themselves, a practice unheard of in Japan.

Sensei

Sensei, Seonsaeng，Tiên sinh or Xiansheng, corresponding to Chinese characters 先生, is an East Asian honorific term shared in Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and Chinese; it is literally translated as «person born before another» or «one who comes before». In general usage, it is used, with proper form, after a person’s name and means «teacher»; the word is also used as a title to refer to or address other professionals or persons of authority, such as clergy, accountants, lawyers, physicians and politicians or to show respect to someone who has achieved a certain level of mastery in an art form or some other skill, e.g., accomplished novelists, musicians, artists and martial artists.

Ubasoku

Upāsaka (masculine) or Upāsikā (feminine) are from the Sanskrit and Pāli words for «attendant». This is the title of followers of Buddhism who are not monks, nuns, or novice monastics in a Buddhist order, and who undertake certain vows. In modern times they have a connotation of dedicated piety that is best suggested by terms such as «lay devotee» or «devout lay follower».

Unsui

Unsui, or kōun ryūsui (行雲流水) in full, is a term specific to Zen Buddhism which denotes a postulant awaiting acceptance into a monastery or a novice monk who has undertaken Zen training. Sometimes they will travel from monastery to monastery (angya) on a pilgrimage to find the appropriate Zen master with which to study.