Tantras Nyingma – Más allá de los métodos del Yoga Supremo

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La doxografía empleada por la tradición Nyingma para categorizar la totalidad del camino budista es única.

División de los caminos budistas según los Nyingmapas

Los Nyingmapas dividen el camino budista en 3 sistemas de sutras, 3 tantras externos y 3 tantras internos.

Sistema de sutras

• Śrāvakayāna
• Pratyekabuddhayāna
• Bodhisattvayāna

Tantras externos

• Kriyā
• Carya o Ubhaya
• Yogatantra

Tantras internos

• Mahayoga
• Anuyoga
• Atiyoga (Dzogchen)

En las escuelas posteriores, las enseñanzas tántricas internas son conocidas como Anuttarayoga Tantra, que corresponde al Mahayoga en el sistema Nyingma, mientras que las enseñanzas de Mahamudra de las escuelas posteriores se dice que conducen a resultados similares a las enseñanzas de Dzogchen.

Las escrituras fundamentales de las enseñanzas

Los Diecisiete tantras de los Antiguos son una colección importante de tantras en la escuela Nyingma del budismo tibetano.

Estos comprenden las escrituras fundamentales de la «serie de instrucciones esotéricas» (Menngagde) de las enseñanzas de Dzogchen y son sus escrituras más autorizadas.

Los Diecisiete Tantras son parte del Vima Nyingthig («Esencia Interna de Vimalamitra»).

El Vima Nyingthig en sí consiste en ‘tantras’, ‘āgamas’ y ‘upadeśas’.

Las principales fuentes de Dzogchen (como los Diecisiete tantras) se consideran como comunicadoras de un camino que trasciende los métodos del Tantra de Yoga Supremo.

La visión de Dzogchen

Los Diecisiete Tantras explican la visión de Dzogchen, las dos formas principales de meditación Dzogchen (sgom pa) – kadag trekchö («el corte de la pureza primordial») y lhündrub tögal («el cruce directo de la presencia espontánea») – y la conducta (spyod pa) de un practicante de Dzogchen, junto con otros temas auxiliares.

En este breve video, Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche explica en palabras simples cuál es la visión de Dzogchen:

Lista de tantras en las enseñanzas Nyingma

Esta es una lista no exhaustiva de tantras transmitidos por los maestros Nyingma a los practicantes del budismo tibetano.

Mahayoga

Mahāyoga es la designación del primero de los tres Tantras Internos según la división en nueve prácticas utilizada por la escuela Nyingma del budismo tibetano.

Longchen Nyingthig

Longchen Nyingthig is a terma, revealed scripture, of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism, which gives a systematic explanation of Dzogchen. It was revealed by Jigme Lingpa (1730-1798).

Zhitro

In Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, Zhitro is the name referring to a cycle or mandala of 100 peaceful (zhi) and wrathful (khro) tantric deities and of a genre of scriptures and associated tantric practices which focus on those deities which represent the purified elements of the body and mind. These hundred peaceful and wrathful deities are believed to manifest to a deceased person following the dissolution of the body and consciousness in the intermediate state, or bardo, between death and rebirth. The best-known, though by no means only, example of this genre of texts and practices is commonly known as the Kar-ling Zhitro cycle after Karma Lingpa, the tertön who (re)discovered or revealed this collection of texts. The text which is well known in the west as «Tibetan Book of the Dead» forms one section of Karma Lingpa’s Zhitro cycle.

Maṇi Kambum

The Maṇi Kambum is a Tibetan Buddhist terma text which contains teachings connected with the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. The Maṇi Kambum was composed over time by different hands. It was likely composed from the 12th century to the 13th century.

Tantra Guhyagarbha

El Tantra Guhyagarbha es el tantra principal de la clase Mahayoga y el texto tántrico primario estudiado en la tradición Nyingma como clave para entender la empoderamiento, samaya, mantras, mandalas y otros temas del Vajrayana.

Nyingma Gyubum

Nyingma Gyubum son los Tantras de Mahayoga, Anuyoga y Atiyoga de la línea Nyingma.

Seventeen tantras

In Tibetan Buddhism, specifically in the literature and practice of Dzogchen, the seventeen tantras of the esoteric instruction cycle are a collection of tantras belonging to the textual division known as the «esoteric instruction cycle».

Vima Nyingtik

Vima Nyingthig, «Seminal Heart of Vimalamitra», is one of the two «seminal heart» collections of the menngagde cycle Dzogchen, the other one being «Seminal Heart of the Dakini».

Traditionally the teachings are ascribed to Vimalamitra, but they were codified and collated by their Tibetan discoverers in the 11th and 12th century.

Union of the Sun and Moon

The Union of the Sun and Moon is one of the Seventeen tantras of the esoteric instruction cycle which are a suite of tantras known variously as: Nyingtik, Upadesha or Menngagde within Dzogchen discourse.»This tantra shows which experience a person undergoes in the intermediate state, the bardo, after passing away. It teaches how to resolve one’s master’s oral instructions during the bardo of this life, how to stabilize awareness during the bardo of dying, how to attain enlightenment through recognizing awareness during the bardo of dharmata, and, if necessary, how to be assured a rebirth in a natural nirmanakaya realm during the bardo of becoming and there reveal buddhahood without further rebirths.»

The Mirror of the Mind of Samantabhadra

The Mirror of the Mind of Samantabhadra is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha.

The Mirror of the Heart of Vajrasattva

The Mirror of the Heart of Vajrasattva is numbered amongst the ‘Seventeen Tantras of Menngagde’ within Dzogchen discourse and is part of the textual support for the Vima Nyingtik.

Sixfold Expanse of Samantabhadra

The Sixfold Expanse of Samantabhadra is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha.

Shining Relics of Enlightened Body

Shining Relics of Enlightened Body is numbered amongst the ‘Seventeen Tantras of Menngagde’ within Dzogchen discourse and is part of the textual support for the Vima Nyingtik.

Array of Jewels

The Array of Jewels is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha.

Self-existing Perfection

Self-existing Perfection is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha.

Self-arising Primordial Awareness

Self- Arising Primordial Awareness is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha.

Blazing Lamp

Blazing Lamp is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha.

Piled Gems

Piled Gems, or Rinpo Chepungwa, is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha.

Necklace of Precious Pearls

The Necklace of Precious Pearls is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha.

Lion’s Perfect Expressive Power

The Lion’s Perfect Expressive Power is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha.

Kulayarāja Tantra

The Kulayarāja Tantra is a Buddhist Tantra extant in Tibetan which centers upon the direct teachings of the primordial, ultimate Buddha (Adibuddha), Samantabhadra. Samantabhadra is presented or personified in this tantric Buddhist text as bodhi-citta, the Awakened Mind, the «mind of perfect purity». In the Kunjed Gyalpo, Samantabhadra discourses to Vajrasattva who asks questions in clarification. This tantric work is the principal ‘mind-series’ text of the Dzogchen view of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. Importantly, the Kunjed Gyalpo is the first text in the Tsamdrak edition of the Nyingma Gyubum.

Great Auspicious Beauty Tantra

The Great Auspicious Beauty Tantra or Trashi Dzenden Chenpögyü is numbered amongst the ‘Seventeen Tantras of Menngagde’ within Dzogchen discourse and is part of the textual support for the Vima Nyingtik.

Direct Introduction (tantra)

Direct Introduction is one of the Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen Upadesha.

Reverberation of Sound Tantra

The Reverberation of Sound Tantra, is considered to be the root tantra of the seventeen tantras of the Menngagde class of the Tibetan Buddhist Dzogchen tradition.