Movimientos Religiosos Nuevos Budistas a Primera Vista

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### Un Nuevo Movimiento Religioso (NMR)

Un Nuevo Movimiento Religioso (NMR), también conocido como espiritualidad alternativa o una nueva religión, es un grupo religioso o espiritual que tiene orígenes modernos y es periférico a la cultura religiosa dominante de su sociedad.

Algunos Nuevos Movimientos Religiosos abordan los desafíos que el mundo en modernización les plantea al adoptar el individualismo, mientras que otros Movimientos los enfrentan mediante medios colectivos estrechamente unidos.

Origen de los Nuevos Movimientos Religiosos

Los Nuevos Movimientos Religiosos pueden ser novedosos en su origen o pueden formar parte de una religión más amplia, en cuyo caso se distinguen de las denominaciones preexistentes.

No existe un único criterio acordado para definir un «nuevo movimiento religioso».

En 1893, se celebró en Chicago el primer Parlamento de las Religiones del Mundo.

La conferencia incluyó NMRs de la época, como el espiritualismo, la Fe Baháʼí y la Ciencia Cristiana.

Henry Harris Jessup, quien dirigió la reunión, fue el primero en mencionar la Fe Baháʼí en los Estados Unidos.

También asistieron Soyen Shaku, el «Primer Ancestro Americano» del Zen, el predicador budista Theravāda Anagarika Dharmapala y el predicador jainista Virchand Gandhi.

Esta conferencia brindó a los maestros religiosos asiáticos su primera amplia audiencia estadounidense.

Popularización de los NMRs Budistas

Los Nuevos Movimientos Religiosos Budistas se expandieron en muchas naciones durante las décadas de 1950 y 1960.

Las nuevas religiones japonesas se volvieron muy populares después de que la Directiva Shinto (1945) obligara al gobierno japonés a separarse del Shinto, que había sido la religión estatal de Japón, lo que trajo consigo una mayor libertad religiosa.

A finales de la década de 1980 y en la década de 1990, el declive del comunismo y las revoluciones de 1989 abrieron nuevas oportunidades para los Nuevos Movimientos Religiosos Budistas.

El Falun Gong fue enseñado públicamente por primera vez en el noreste de China en 1992 por Li Hongzhi. Al principio fue aceptado por el gobierno chino y para 1999 había 70 millones de practicantes en China.

Movimientos Neo-Budistas en la Era Moderna

En el siglo XXI, los movimientos Neo-Budistas difieren en sus doctrinas y prácticas de las tradiciones budistas históricas y convencionales Theravāda, Mahayana y Vajrayana.

Una co-creación de orientalistas occidentales y budistas asiáticos con mentalidad reformista, el modernismo budista ha sido una reformulación de conceptos budistas que ha desatendido las doctrinas budistas tradicionales, la cosmología, los rituales, el monaquismo, la jerarquía clerical y la adoración de íconos.

NMRs Budistas Notables

Los académicos han estimado que los Nuevos Movimientos Religiosos Budistas suman decenas de miles en todo el mundo.

Ejemplos de Nuevos Movimientos Religiosos Budistas incluyen:

• Budismo Humanista
• Budismo Secular
• Budismo Comprometido
• Navayana
• Las nuevas organizaciones laicas de Nichiren Budismo iniciadas en Japón
  • Soka Gakkai
  • La Liga Juvenil de Girō Seno’o para la Revitalización del Budismo
• El movimiento Dobokai y sus descendientes
  • Budismo de la Unidad
• La Nueva Tradición Kadampa
  • La actividad misionera de maestros budistas tibetanos en Occidente (liderando el movimiento budista de rápido crecimiento en Francia)
• El Movimiento Vipassana
• La Comunidad Budista Triratna
• Montaña del Tambor del Dharma
• Fo Guang Shan
• Budismo Won
• El Gran Vehículo Occidental
• Tzu Chi
• Fundación Juniper

Glosario de Nuevos Movimientos Religiosos Budistas

Esta es una lista no exhaustiva de algunos Nuevos Movimientos Religiosos Budistas notables en todo el mundo y sus líderes.

La mayoría de los Nuevos Movimientos Religiosos Budistas solo tienen unos pocos miembros, algunos de ellos tienen miles de miembros, y unos pocos cuentan con más de un millón de miembros.

Sakyong Mipham

Sakyong Jamgon Mipham Rinpoche, Jampal Trinley Dradul, es el cabeza de la línea Shambhala y Shambhala, una red mundial de centros de meditación budista urbanos, centros de retiro, monasterios, una universidad y otras empresas, fundada por su padre, Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche. Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche es un alto lama en la línea Nyingma del budismo tibetano. En julio de 2018, Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche declaró que se está alejando de sus deberes debido a una investigación sobre su presunta conducta sexual inapropiada.

Houn Jiyu-Kennett

Hōun Jiyu-Kennett, born Peggy Teresa Nancy Kennett, was a British roshi most famous for having been the first female to be sanctioned by the Sōtō School of Japan to teach in the West.

Vipassana movement

The Vipassanā movement, also called the Insight Meditation Movement and American vipassana movement, refers to a branch of modern Burmese Theravāda Buddhism which promotes «bare insight» (sukha-vipassana) to attain stream entry and preserve the Buddhist teachings, which gained widespread popularity since the 1950s, and to its western derivatives which have been popularised since the 1970s, giving rise to the more dhyana-oriented mindfulness movement.

Shinnyo-en

Shinnyo-en is a Japanese Buddhist new religious movement in the tradition of the Daigo branch of Shingon Buddhism. It was founded in 1936 by Shinjō Itō , and his wife Tomoji in a suburb of metropolitan Tokyo, the city of Tachikawa, where its headquarters is still located.

Shasta Abbey

Shasta Abbey, located on sixteen forested acres near Mount Shasta in northern California, United States is a training monastery for Buddhist monks and a place of practice for lay Buddhists and interested visitors. It was established in 1970 by Reverend Master P.T.N.H. Jiyu-Kennett, who was Abbess and spiritual director until her death in 1996.

American Buddhist Movement

The term American Buddhism can be used to describe all Buddhist groups within the United States, including Asian-American Buddhists born into the faith, who comprise the largest percentage of Buddhists in the country.

Rulaizong

Rulaizong is a cult originating in Taiwan which was established by Miaochan. It claims itself as a sect of Buddhism. According to the official website of Rulaizong, in 2015, the organization had more than 90,000 followers.

Vajrayana Buddhist Council of Malaysia

The Vajrayana Buddhist Council of Malaysia is a council or umbrella body consisting of member organizations which represents all Tibetan’s Vajrayana Buddhism traditions in Malaysia. It also accepts individuals who are inclined towards Vajrayana Buddhism as associate members.

True Buddha School

The True Buddha School is a relatively new Buddhist sect, that includes practices and deities from Taoism, and thus could arguably be defined as a new religious movement. Its headquarters are in Redmond, WA, USA, and the school has a large following in Taiwan and East Asia. There are also many temples and chapters worldwide, except in Mainland China where the sect is among those persecuted.

Triratna Buddhist Community

The Triratna Buddhist Community is an international fellowship of Buddhists, and others who aspire to its path of mindfulness. It was founded by Sangharakshita in the UK in 1967, and describes itself as «an international network dedicated to communicating Buddhist truths in ways appropriate to the modern world». In keeping with Buddhist traditions, it also pays attention to contemporary ideas, particularly drawn from Western philosophy, psychotherapy, and art.

Tibbetibaba

Tibbetibaba also known as Mahasadhak Tibbetibaba or Paramhamsa Tibbetibaba, alternative spellings Tibbatibaba, Tibbati Baba, Tibbeti Baba, Tibbotibaba or Tibboti Baba born Nabin Chattopadhhyaya Bengali: নবীন চট্টোপাধ্যায়;Mahasamadhi or death – 19 November 1930) was a famous Bengali philosopher, saint and yogi. He was one of the few saints in India whose life was an amalgamation of the Advaita Vedanta doctrine of Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhist doctrine. Tibbetibaba was a master of all the eight siddhis and supposedly had remarkable healing powers. Even though he was master of all the siddhis, he was not personally interested in using them.

Soka Gakkai

Soka Gakkai is a Japanese Buddhist religious movement based on the teachings of the 13th-century Japanese priest Nichiren as taught by its first three presidents Tsunesaburō Makiguchi, Jōsei Toda, and Daisaku Ikeda. It is the largest of the Japanese new religions and claims the largest membership among Nichiren Buddhist groups. «The organization bases its teachings on Nichiren’s interpretation of the Lotus Sutra and places chanting «Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō» at the center of devotional practice. The organization promotes its goals as supporting «peace, culture, and education».

Shōshinkai

Shōshinkai (正信会), full name Nichiren-Shōshū-Shōshinkai (日蓮正宗正信会), is a Japanese Nichiren Buddhist dissenting group formed in July 1980 by approximately 200 Nichiren Shōshū priests who were mostly the disciples of the former High Priest Nittatsu Hosoi, along with their lay followers who were critical of the Soka Gakkai.

Shambhala Buddhism

The term Shambhala Buddhism was introduced by Sakyong Mipham in the year 2000 to describe his presentation of the Shambhala teachings originally conceived by Chögyam Trungpa as secular practices for achieving enlightened society, in concert with the Kagyu and Nyingma schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The Shambhala Buddhist sangha considers Sakyong Mipham to be its head and the second in a lineage of Sakyongs; with his father, Chögyam Trungpa, being the first.

PL Kyodan

PL Kyodan, or the Church of Perfect Liberty , is a Japanese Shinshūkyō founded in 1924 by Tokuharu Miki (1871–1938), who was a priest in the Ōbaku sect of Zen Buddhism. The stated aim of the Church of Perfect Liberty is to bring about world peace.

Bussho Gonenkai Kyōdan

Bussho Gonenkai Kyōdan (佛所護念会教団) is an offshoot of Reiyūkai and branch of Nichiren Buddhism. It was founded in 1950 in Japan by Kaichi Sekiguchi and his wife Tomino Sekiguchi.

New Kadampa Tradition

The New Kadampa Tradition – International Kadampa Buddhist Union (NKT—IKBU) is a global Buddhist new religious movement founded by Kelsang Gyatso in England in 1991. In 2003 the words «International Kadampa Buddhist Union» (IKBU) were added to the original name «New Kadampa Tradition». The NKT-IKBU is an international organisation registered in England as a charitable, or non-profit, company. It currently lists more than 200 centres and around 900 branch classes/study groups in 40 countries.

Navayana

Navayana means «new vehicle» and refers to the re-interpretation of Buddhism by Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar; it is also called Neo-Buddhism and Ambedkarite Buddhism. Ambedkar was a polymath, theologian and scholar of Buddhism. He was born in a Dalit (untouchable) family during the colonial era of India, studied abroad, became a Dalit leader, and announced in 1935 his intent to convert from Hinduism to a different religion, and he has studied all the major religions of the world in depth, including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, and Buddhism, for nearly 21 years. Thereafter Ambedkar studied texts of Buddhism, found several of its core beliefs and doctrines such as Four Noble Truths and «non-self» as flawed and pessimistic, then re-interpreted these into what he called «new vehicle» Buddhism, or Navayana. Ambedkar held a press conference on 13 October 1956, announcing his rejection of Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism, as well as of Hinduism. Thereafter, he left Hinduism and adopted Navayana, about six weeks before his death. Its adherents see Navayana Buddhism not as a sect with radically different ideas, but rather as new movement founded on the principles of Buddhism.

Myōdōkai Kyōdan

The Myōdōkai Kyōdan (妙道会教団) is a Japanese Buddhist lay organisation that stems from the Reiyūkai, a branch of Nichiren Buddhism. It was founded in 1951 and has approximately 219,000 adherents, most of whom are in Japan. The current president of Myōdōkai Kyōdan is Keiji Sahara. The organisation’s headquarters are in Tennōji, Ōsaka. One of its core teachings is the belief in the Lotus Sutra.

Kokuchūkai

The Kokuchūkai is a lay-oriented Nichiren Buddhist group. It was founded by Tanaka Chigaku in 1880 as Rengekai and renamed Risshō Ankokukai (立正安国会) in 1884 before adopting its current name in 1914.

Kenshōkai

Fuji Taiseki-ji Kenshōkai is a Japanese-based Nichiren Shoshu Buddhist lay group, affiliated with Taisekiji Head Temple since 1942 at the Myokoji Temple in Shinagawa, Tokyo and was originally called Myōshinkō .

Hòa Hảo

Hòa Hảo is a religious movement described either as a syncretistic folk religion or as a sect of Buddhism. It was founded in 1939 by Huỳnh Phú Sổ (1920–1947), who is regarded as a saint by its devotees. It is one of the major religions of Vietnam with between one million and eight million adherents, mostly in the Mekong Delta.

Guanyin Famen

Guanyin Famen or Quan Yin Buddhism, the teachings of Meditation Society of ROC（Chinese: 中華民國禪定學會) or Ching Hai World Society. The organization is a school of Mahayana Buddhism-like cult found in 1988 by the ethnic-Chinese Vietnamese teacher Ching Hai.

Gedatsu Church of America

Gedatsu Church of America is an American Buddhist church with branches in Japan, Sacramento, Los Angeles, and Hawaii. A nonsectarian spiritual movement, it is based on the Japanese Gedatsu-kai, a new religious movement that was founded in 1929 by Seiken Okano. The Church preaches about Gedatsu-kai, a religious study dedicated toward promoting total inner peace and spiritual enlightenment. Gedatsu is the Japanese term for moksha or enlightenment.

Forshang Buddhism World Center

Forshang Buddhism World Center is a new religious movement based in Taiwan.

The organization claims to have received the «revelation of Buddha-Nature», founded by the Venerable Master Miao Kung Bodhisattva and succeeding Master Yuan Dao Bodhisattva in the early stage of the Republic of China, revering Da Zi Zai Wang Fo (the origin of Buddha-Nature) as the Originator.

Yuan Dao Bodhisattva was initiated at the age of 14, after twenty years of unrelenting dedication, he became enlightened in 1956, wholeheartedly preaching the Forshang Buddhism doctrines to the full extent ever since. Before passing into Nirvana on August 11, 1993, he chose among disciples around the world Sun-Don Lee as the successor and appointed him as the Master of the third generation.

Dalit Buddhist movement

The Neo Buddhist movement is a religious as well as a socio-political movement among Dalits in India which was started by B. R. Ambedkar. It radically re-interpreted Buddhism and created a new school of Buddhism called Navayana. The movement has sought to be a socially and politically engaged form of Buddhism.

Coconut Religion

The Coconut Religion was a Vietnamese religious sect centered in southern Vietnam’s Bến Tre Province. Founded in 1963, adherents created a «Coconut Kingdom» on an islet of the Mekong River. The religion is largely based on Buddhist and Christian beliefs, alongside the pacifism teachings of founder Nguyễn Thành Nam. The religion was abolished by the communist authorities after 1975. At its peak, the religion had some 4,000 followers. After the founder’s death following a clash with the authorities in 1990, the cult is now practiced by a very small minority.

Won Buddhism

Won Buddhism, is a modern religion originating in Korea. It can be regarded as either a syncretic new religious movement or a reformed Buddhism. The name «Won Buddhism» comes from the Korean words 원/圓 won («circle») and 불교/佛敎 bulgyo («Buddhism»), literally meaning «Round Buddhism» or interpreted as «Consummate Buddhism.» The stated goals of Won Buddhism are for people to realize their own innate buddha nature and to save all sentient beings by serving others. Emphasis is on interaction with daily life, not “stilling the impulses,” but rather acting in accord with “appropriate desires.” Won Buddhism’s Founder, Sotaesan believed that over-emphasis on the material world in relation to the spiritual world would create undue suffering; his Founding Motto was, “With this Great Opening of matter, let there be a Great Opening of spirit.” In essence, Won Buddhism proposes adapting to and overcoming modernity.