Monjas budistas completamente ordenadas – personas y conceptos

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Una bhikkhunī o bhikṣuṇī es una monja completamente ordenada en el budismo.

Los monjes masculinos son llamados bhikkhus. Tanto las bhikkhunis como los bhikkhus viven de acuerdo con el Vinaya, un conjunto de reglas.

Origen de la orden de las bhikkhunis

Hasta hace poco, las líneas de monjas solo existían en el budismo Mahayana, siendo prevalentes en países como China, Corea, Taiwán y Vietnam. Sin embargo, en la última década, algunas mujeres han tomado los votos monásticos completos en las escuelas Theravada y Vajrayana.

Según el Canon Budista, las mujeres son tan capaces de alcanzar el nirvana como los hombres.

El Canon informa que la orden de las bhikkhunis fue creada por primera vez por el Buda a solicitud específica de su tía y madre adoptiva, Mahapajapati Gotami, quien se convirtió en la primera bhikkhuni ordenada.

Una obra famosa de las primeras escuelas budistas es el Therigatha, una colección de poemas de monjas ancianas sobre la iluminación que fue preservada en el Canon Pāli.

Desarrollo del Vinaya en Occidente

Hasta hace poco, las monjas occidentales viajaban a países asiáticos para recibir formación en Vinaya en un idioma extranjero y con traducciones limitadas.

Es el caso de Pema Chödrön, autora reconocida y maestra residente en la Abadía Gampo en Nueva Escocia, Canadá, quien recibió la ordenación monástica completa en 1981 en Hong Kong.

Hoy en día, un número creciente de conventos en Occidente permite a las mujeres recibir las enseñanzas textuales y la experiencia vivida de la comunidad del sangha budista ordenada localmente.

Este es un arraigo crucial de las enseñanzas del Buda entre las monjas en las comunidades occidentales.

En este breve video, Pema Chödrön explica con humor cómo se convirtió en una monja budista tibetana.

Personas, organizaciones y lugares

Este es un glosario de personas, organizaciones y lugares relacionados con las monjas budistas completamente ordenadas en todo el mundo.

Mahapajapati Gotami

Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī was the foster-mother, step-mother and maternal aunt of the Buddha. In Buddhist tradition, she was the first woman to seek ordination for women, which she did from Gautama Buddha directly, and she became the first bhikkhuni.

Sundari Nanda (half-sister of Buddha)

Princess Sundarī Nandā of Shakya, also known simply a Sundarī, was the daughter of King Suddhodana and Mahaprajapati.She was the half-sister of Siddhartha Gautama, who later became a Buddha. She became a nun after the enlightenment of her half-brother and became an arhat. She was the foremost among bhikkhunis in the practice of jhana. She lived during the 6th century BCE in what is now Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in India.

Śikṣamāṇā

In Buddhism, a śikṣamāṇā is a female novice trainee. This training period is to be two years long, supervised by both a monk and a nun. After this period, the trainee may attempt full ordination as a bhikṣuṇī.

Pema Chödrön

Pema Chödrön is an American Tibetan Buddhist.

She is an ordained nun, acharya and disciple of Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche.

Pema currently teaches in the United States and Canada and plans for an increased amount of time in solitary retreat under the guidance of Venerable Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche.

Pema is interested in helping establish the monastic tradition in the West, as well in continuing her work with Buddhists of all traditions, sharing ideas and teachings.

She has written several books: “The Wisdom of No Escape”, “Start Where You Are”, “When Things Fall Apart”, “The Places that Scare You”, “No Time to Lose” and “Practicing Peace in Times of War”, and most recently, “Smile at Fear”.

Bhikkhunī

A bhikkhunī (Pali) or bhikṣuṇī (Sanskrit) is a fully ordained female monastic in Buddhism. Male monastics are called bhikkhus. Both bhikkhunis and bhikkhus live by the Vinaya, a set of rules. Until recently, the lineages of female monastics only remained in Mahayana Buddhism and thus are prevalent in countries such as China, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam but a few women have taken the full monastic vows in the Theravada and Vajrayana schools over the last decade. From conservative perspectives, none of the contemporary bhikkuni ordinations are valid.

Khema

Khema was a Buddhist bhikkhuni, or nun, who was one of the top female disciples of the Buddha. She is considered the first of the Buddha’s two chief female disciples, along with Uppalavanna. Khema was born into the royal family of the ancient Kingdom of Madra, and was the wife of King Bimbisara of the ancient Indian kingdom of Magadha. Khema was convinced to visit the Buddha by her husband, who hired poets to sing about the beauty of the monastery he was staying at to her. She attained enlightenment as a laywoman while listening to one of the Buddha’s sermons, considered a rare feat in Buddhist texts. Following her attainment, Khema entered the monastic life under the Buddha as a bhikkhuni. According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha declared her his female disciple foremost in wisdom. Her male counterpart was Sariputta.

Uppalavanna

Uppalavanna was a Buddhist bhikkhuni, or nun, who was considered one of the top female disciples of the Buddha. She is considered the second of the Buddha’s two chief female disciples, along with Khema. She was given the name Uppalavanna, meaning «color of a blue water lily», at birth due to the bluish color of her skin.

Dhammadharini Vihara

Dhammadharini Vihara is a Buddhist women’s monastic residence (vihara) in the Sonoma Hills of Santa Rosa, California. The name «Dhammadharini» is interpreted as a «holder» or «upholder» of the Buddhadhamma as a «flowing» or «streaming» reality, teaching and practice. A «vihara» is a monastic residence, and place of Dhamma and meditation teaching and practice.

Pema Trinle

Jetsun Pema Trinle (1874-1950) fue una maestra budista tibetana y fue una de las pocas mujeres autorizadas para enseñar la presentación general y esotérica del Camino y el Resultado en la tradición Sakya, conocida como Lamdre Tsokshe y Lobshe respectivamente. De niña, recibió enseñanzas de su tía abuela paterna Jetsunma Tamdrin Wangmo, su hermano mayor, su padre Kunga Nyingpo Sampel Norbu y el abad de Ngor, Ngawang Lodro Nyingpo. Rara vez daba enseñanzas públicas. Sin embargo, recorrió el este del Tíbet para dar y recibir enseñanzas, y su principal maestro allí fue Tenpai Wangchuk, quien a su vez era discípulo de su tía abuela Tamdrin Wangmo. También recibió enseñanzas de Lamdre de Jamyang Loter Wangpo y dio enseñanzas al 3er Dezhung Rinpoche.

Myokyo-ni

Ven. Myokyo-ni was a Rinzai Zen Buddhist nun and head of the Zen Centre in London.

Maura O’Halloran

Maura «Soshin» O’Halloran was an Irish Zen Buddhist monk. She is known for her book Pure Heart, Enlightened Mind, which was posthumously published, and for being one of the «first of few Western women allowed to practice in a traditional Japanese Zen monastery».

Karma Lekshe Tsomo

Karma Lekshe Tsomo is a Buddhist nun, scholar and social activist. She is a professor at the University of San Diego, where she teaches Buddhism, World Religions, and Dying, Death, and Social Justice. She is co-founder of the Sakyadhita International Association of Buddhist Women and the founding director of the Jamyang Foundation, which supports the education of women and girls in the Himalayan region, the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh, and elsewhere. She took novice precepts as a Buddhist nun in France in 1977 and full ordination in Korea in 1982.

International Congress on Buddhist Women’s Role in the Sangha

The International Congress on Buddhist Women’s Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages was an historic event that took place July 18–20, 2007. It was a meeting of internationally recognized Buddhist scholars specializing in monastic discipline and history, as well as practitioners. It was expected to be the final discussion of a decades-long dialogue about re-establishing full bhikshuni ordination in Buddhist traditions. Papers and research based on Buddhist texts and contemporary practice traditions in China, Korea, Taiwan, Tibet, and South Asia were presented, between them the Abstract: The Eight Garudhammas. The fourteenth Dalai Lama attended the final day of the conference and conclusions. His letter of support is available to the public.

Freda Bedi

Freda Bedi was a British woman who was the first Western woman to take ordination in Tibetan Buddhism, which occurred in 1972. She was born in Derby, England.

In 1959, when the Dalai Lama arrived in India after an arduous trek across the Himalayas followed by thousands of his Tibetan devotees, she was asked by India’s prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru to help them and spent time improving facilities for refugees at camps in Assam and West Bengal.

She became an observant Tibetan Buddhist and she followed the guidance of the 16th Karmapa of the Kagyu School.

She worked, with the support of the Dalai Lama, to establish the Young Lamas Home School.

Eight Garudhammas

The Eight Garudhammas are additional precepts required of bhikkhunis above and beyond the monastic rule (vinaya) that applied to monks. Garu, literally means «heavy» and when applied to vinaya, it means «heavy offense that entails penance (mānatta) consisting of 2 weeks» as described in garudhamma rule No. 5. The authenticity of these rules is contested; they were supposedly added to the (bhikkhunis) Vinaya «to allow more acceptance» of a monastic Order for women, during the Buddha’s time. They are controversial because they attempt to push women into an inferior role and because many Buddhists, especially Bhikkhunis, have found evidence that the eight Garudhammas are not really the teachings of Gautama Buddha.

Sister Uppalavanna

Sister Uppalavannā was a German violinist who converted to Buddhism, becoming the first European Buddhist nun since the time of Greco-Buddhism. She lived as an ascetic in Sri Lanka from 1926 until her death.

Vajira (Buddhist nun)

Vajira was a Buddhist nun mentioned in the Samyutta Nikaya (I.134-55). She was confronted by Mara while meditating and asked about the origin and creator of her «Being», i.e., her soul. She responded by comparing one’s «Being» to a chariot, showing that it had no permanent existence but was made up of constituent parts.

Chi Kwang Sunim

Venerable Chi Kwang Sunim is a Zen Buddhist nun. She is currently the leader of a small community and forest retreat in Kinglake, Victoria.

Therīgāthā

The Therigatha (Therīgāthā), often translated as Verses of the Elder Nuns, is a Buddhist text, a collection of short poems of early enlightened women who were elder nuns. The poems date from a three hundred year period, with some dated as early as the late 6th century BCE. According to Thanissaro Bhikkhu, the Therigatha is the «earliest extant text depicting women’s spiritual experiences.» in Theravada Buddhism.

Chime Tenpai Nyima

Jetsunma Chime Tenpai Nyima was a Tibetan Buddhist master, the only female master of the Sakya Vajrayoginī lineage. She is also considered a great siddha and an emanation of Vajrayoginī. She was born in Tibet and originally had the name Chime Butri. She was part of the prominent Sakya Khon family, which established itself by the 11th century in Sakya, Tibet. She studied with her uncle Kunga Lodro, who had had a vision prophesying, among other things, that she would be one of the closest disciples who would carry on his teachings. He transmitted to her the core Sakya Lamdre and the Vajrayogini teachings, among others. In 1782, she took novice vows from the twenty-fifth abbot of the Sakya Lhakhang Chenmo, Jampa Chokyi Tashi, who gave her the ordination name by which she has come to be known, Chime Tenpai Nyima.

Suba Theraniyo

Suba Theraniyo, theatrically as Jivakambavanika Hewath Suba Theraniyo, is a 2019 Sri Lankan Sinhala Buddhist epic biographical film directed by Sumith Kumara and co-produced by Bisara Chanakya and Ananda Samarasinghe for S.A.S Entertainments. It stars Ruwangi Rathnayake and Roshan Ranawana in lead roles along with Sriyantha Mendis and Dilhani Ekanayake. Music composed by Rohana Weerasinghe. It is the 1331st Sri Lankan film in the Sinhala cinema.

Sister Vajirā

Sister Vajirā was a dasa sil mata, a Buddhist ten precept-holder nun in Sri Lanka.

Phuntsho Choden

Ashi Phuntsho Choden (1911–2003) was the Queen consort of Bhutan.

Siladhara Order

The Sīladharā Order is a Theravada Buddhist female monastic order established by Ajahn Sumedho at Chithurst Buddhist Monastery, England. Its members are known as Sīladharās.

Daughters of Dolma

Daughters of Dolma is a feature-length documentary about spirituality, modernity and gender issues as embodied by Tibetan Buddhist Nuns. It is directed by Adam Miklos and produced by Alex Co.

Kung Fu Nuns

The Kung Fu Nuns are an order of Buddhist nuns who belong to the Drukpa Kagyu lineage, a thousand-year-old sect led by the Gyalwang Drukpa. Their name comes from the order’s proficiency in Chinese martial arts, which they began learning in 2008 after the 12th Gyalwang Drukpa authorised training for them despite centuries-old Buddhist laws banning exercise for nuns.

Dharmachari Guruma

Dharmachāri Gurumā was a Nepalese anagarika who was an influential figure in the revival of Theravada Buddhism in Nepal. She was expelled from Kathmandu by the government for her religious activities.

Miranda de Souza Canavarro

Miranda de Souza Canavarro (1849-1933) was a wealthy American theosophist notable as the first woman to convert to Buddhism in the United States, in 1897. She later moved to Ceylon and became a Buddhist nun. She became known as Sister Sanghamitta, while in America she was often known as Marie.

Buddhamitra

Buddhamitrā was a Buddhist nun from India during the Kushan Empire. She is remembered because of dated inscriptions on images of bodhisattvas and the Buddha that she erected in three cities near the Ganges river. They mark her success in attracting money and patronage to the Sarvāstivāda, the sect of Buddhism to which she belonged.

Martine Batchelor

Martine Batchelor, a former Jogye Buddhist nun, is the author of several books on Buddhism currently residing in France. She and her husband, Stephen Batchelor, work mostly in the United Kingdom and occasionally in the United States. In addition to writing books, she leads meditation groups with her husband that incorporate aspects of Zen, vipassanā, and Tibetan Buddhism. Batchelor also blogs frequently for the U.S.-based Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. She studied Jogye Zen Buddhism for ten years at Songgwangsa with her former teacher Master Kusan Sunim, being ordained as a nun in 1975. Batchelor served as Kusan’s interpreter on speaking tours of the United States and Europe from 1981 to 1985, the year she left monastic life, married Stephen Batchelor, and returned to Europe. There she became a member of Sharpham North Community and served as a guiding teacher at Gaia House, both of which are based in Devon, England. She has also led a Buddhist studies program at Sharpham College in Totnes, Devon. As a multilingual individual, Martine speaks English, Korean, and French and can read Chinese characters.

Lesley Lebkowicz

Lesley Lebkowicz is an Australian poet.

Yeshe Khadro

Yeshe Khadro is an Australian ordained Buddhist nun who studied under the Dalai Lama.