Last updated: 28
Jul
2025

Mindfulness Budista – Personas, conceptos y enseñanzas

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La es la práctica de llevar deliberadamente la atención al momento presente sin evaluación, una habilidad que se desarrolla a través de la u otro tipo de entrenamiento.

Origen y definición

La atención plena deriva del término «sati», un elemento significativo de las tradiciones budistas, y se basa en técnicas de meditación Zen, Vipassanā y tibetana.

Aunque las definiciones y técnicas de la atención plena son variadas, las tradiciones budistas explican lo que constituye la atención plena, como la manera en que los momentos del pasado, presente y futuro surgen y cesan como impresiones sensoriales momentáneas y fenómenos mentales.

Como formas de autoobservación e interocepción, estos métodos aumentan la conciencia del cuerpo, por lo que suelen ser beneficiosos para las personas con baja autoconciencia o escaso conocimiento de su estado corporal o emocional.

Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche explica de manera sencilla la diferencia entre atención plena y conciencia en este breve video:

Prácticas de meditación de atención plena

Un método consiste en sentarse en una silla con respaldo recto o en el suelo o en un cojín con las piernas cruzadas, cerrar los ojos y llevar la atención a las sensaciones de la respiración en la proximidad de las fosas nasales o a los movimientos del abdomen al inhalar y exhalar.

En esta práctica de meditación, no se intenta controlar la respiración, sino simplemente ser consciente del proceso/rítmo natural de la respiración.

Al participar en esta práctica, la mente a menudo se distraerá con otros pensamientos y asociaciones, y si esto sucede, uno nota pasivamente que la mente se ha desviado y, de manera aceptante y no crítica, regresa a enfocarse en la respiración.

En la meditación de escaneo corporal, la atención se dirige a diversas áreas del cuerpo, notando las sensaciones corporales que ocurren en el momento presente.

También se puede enfocar en sonidos, sensaciones, pensamientos, sentimientos y acciones que suceden en el presente.

En este sentido, un ejercicio famoso, introducido por Kabat-Zinn en su programa MBSR, es la degustación consciente de una pasa, en la que se saborea y se come la pasa de manera consciente.

Al permitir la reconexión con las señales internas de hambre y saciedad, se ha sugerido que la alimentación consciente es un medio para mantener patrones de alimentación saludables y conscientes.

Otros enfoques incluyen la práctica de asanas de yoga mientras se presta atención a los movimientos y sensaciones corporales, así como la meditación caminando.

Recomendaciones para meditadores

Se recomienda a los meditadores comenzar con períodos cortos de práctica de meditación de unos 10 minutos al día.

A medida que se practica regularmente, se vuelve más fácil mantener la atención centrada en la respiración.

En un contexto budista, el cumplimiento de preceptos morales es una etapa preparatoria esencial para la atención plena o la meditación.

La Vipassanā también incluye la contemplación y reflexión sobre fenómenos como dukkha, anatta y anicca, así como reflexiones sobre la causalidad y otras enseñanzas budistas.

Personas, conceptos y enseñanzas

Esta es una lista de personas, conceptos y enseñanzas relacionadas con la práctica de la atención plena en el budismo.

Atención plena

La atención plena es el proceso psicológico de llevar la atención a las experiencias que ocurren en el momento presente, lo cual se puede desarrollar a través de la práctica de la meditación y otros entrenamientos. La atención plena deriva de sati, un elemento significativo de las tradiciones budistas, y se basa en técnicas de meditación Zen, Vipassanā y tibetana.

Thích Nhất Hạnh was a Vietnamese Thiền Buddhist monk, peace activist, prolific author, poet, teacher, and founder of the Plum Village Tradition, historically recognized as the main inspiration for engaged Buddhism.

Known as the «father of mindfulness», Nhất Hạnh was a major influence on Western practices of Buddhism and mindfulness.

Satipatthana

Satipaṭṭhāna es el establecimiento o la activación de la atención plena, como parte de las prácticas budistas que conducen al desapego y la liberación.

Bhavana

Bhāvanā significa literalmente «desarrollo» o «cultivo» o «producción» en el sentido de «hacer existir». Es un concepto importante en la práctica budista (Patipatti). La palabra normalmente aparece en conjunción con otra palabra formando una frase compuesta como citta-bhavana o metta-bhavana. Cuando se usa por sí sola, bhavana significa contemplación y ‘cultivo espiritual’ en general.

Anapanasati

Ānāpānasati, meaning «mindfulness of breathing», is a form of Buddhist meditation originally taught by Gautama Buddha in several suttas including the Ānāpānasati Sutta.

Vidyamala Burch

is a mindfulness teacher, writer, and co-founder of Breathworks, an international mindfulness organization known particularly for developing mindfulness-based pain management (MBPM). The British Pain Society has recognized her «outstanding contribution to the alleviation of pain», and in 2019 she was named on the Shaw Trust Power 100 list of the most influential disabled people in the UK. Burch’s book Mindfulness for Health won the British Medical Association’s 2014 Medical Books Award in the Popular Medicine category.

Dhyana in Buddhism

In the oldest texts of Buddhism, dhyāna (Sanskrit) or jhāna (Pali) is the training of the mind, commonly translated as meditation, to withdraw the mind from the automatic responses to sense-impressions, and leading to a «state of perfect equanimity and awareness (upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi).» Dhyana may have been the core practice of pre-sectarian Buddhism, in combination with several related practices which together lead to perfected mindfulness and detachment, and are fully realized with the practice of dhyana.

Joseph Goldstein (writer)

Joseph Goldstein is one of the first American vipassana teachers, co-founder of the Insight Meditation Society (IMS) with Jack Kornfield and Sharon Salzberg, a contemporary author of numerous popular books on Buddhism, a resident guiding teacher at IMS, and a leader of retreats worldwide on insight (vipassana) and lovingkindness (metta) meditation.

Ganana

Gaṇanā is the technique of breath counting in Buddhist meditation. It focuses on drawing mental attention to breathing by counting numerically inhalation and exhalation. It is part of the six stages of described by Vasubandhu and Zhiyi, composed by counting breath (), following the motions of the air flow (anugama), stilling thought in the body, observing the elements of air (upalakshana), transformation of the mind focused on the air (vivarthana) and entering the path of vision (parisuddhi). Those stages are increasingly subtle and lead to control of mind, producing samadhi in order to achieve vipassana.

Sati (Buddhism)

Sati is mindfulness or awareness, a spiritual or psychological faculty (indriya) that forms an essential part of Buddhist practice. It is the first factor of the Seven Factors of Enlightenment. «Correct» or «right» mindfulness is the seventh element of the Noble Eightfold Path.

Samu (Zen)

Samu (作務) is participation in the physical work needed to maintain the Zen monastery. According to tradition, it was emphasized by Baizhang Huaihai, who is credited with establishing an early set of rules for Chan monastic discipline, the Pure Rules of Baizhang. As the Zen monks farmed, it helped them to survive the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution more than other sects which relied more on donations. These rules are still used today in many Zen monasteries. From this text comes the well-known saying «A day without work is a day without food».

Sampajañña is a term of central importance for meditative practice in all Buddhist traditions. It refers to “The mental process by which one continuously monitors one’s own body and mind. In the practice of śamatha, its principal function is to note the occurrence of laxity and excitation.” It is very often found in the pair ‘mindfulness and introspection’ or ‘mindfulness and clear comprehension).

The Mind & Life Institute is a US-registered, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) organization founded in 1991 to establish the field of contemplative sciences. Based in Charlottesville, Va., the institute “brings science and contemplative wisdom together to better understand the mind and create positive change in the world.» Over three decades, Mind & Life has played a key role in the mindfulness meditation movement by funding research projects and think tanks, and by convening conferences and dialogues with the Dalai Lama. Since 2020, Mind & Life’s grant-making, events, and digital programs have sought to nurture personal wellbeing, build more compassionate communities, and strengthen the human-earth connection.

Mental noting

is a mindfulness meditation technique which aims to label experiences as they arise. In practice, this means using a single word to describe what one is experiencing in the current moment, for example «warmth», «excitement», «resisting», etc. These experiences can be sensory, emotional, or cognitive.

Luangphor Viriyang Sirintharo

Somdet Phra Ñāṇavajirottama, also known as Luang Phor Viriyang Sirindharo, was a Thai monk, Meditation Master and Patriarch of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya Order in Canada. He was born in Saraburi, Thailand.

Larry Rosenberg

is an American Buddhist teacher who founded the Cambridge Insight Meditation Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1985. He is also a resident teacher there. Rosenberg was a professor of psychology at the University of Chicago and Harvard Medical School. In addition to teaching at the Insight Meditation Center in Cambridge, he is also a senior teacher at the Insight Meditation Society in Barre, Massachusetts.

Henepola Gunaratana

Bhante is a Sri Lankan Theravada Buddhist monk. He is often affectionately known as Bhante G.

Four Foundations of Mindfulness

Satipaṭṭhāna is the establishment or arousing of mindfulness, as part of the Buddhist practices leading to detachment and liberation.

Buddhānusmṛti, meaning «Buddha-mindfulness», is a common Buddhist practice in all Buddhist traditions which involves meditating on the virtues of the Buddha, mainly Gautama Buddha as the meditation or contemplation subject. Later Mahayana sects like Pureland Buddhism focused on Amida Buddha instead, mainly to pray for rebirth in the Western Pure Land.

Anussati

means «recollection,» «contemplation,» «remembrance,» «meditation», and «mindfulness». It refers to specific Buddhist meditational or devotional practices, such as recollecting the sublime qualities of the Buddha, which lead to mental tranquillity and abiding joy. In various contexts, the Pali literature and Sanskrit Mahayana sutras emphasise and identify different enumerations of recollections.

Apramāda is a Buddhist term translated as «conscientious» or «concern». It is defined as taking great care concerning what should be adopted and what should be avoided. In the Pāli Canon, a collection of the Buddha’s earliest teachings, the term appamāda is quite significant and the essence of the meaning cannot be captured with one English word. «Heedfulness», «diligence», and «conscientiousness», are all words that capture some aspects of appamāda. It is identified as one of the eleven virtuous mental factors within the Mahayana Abhidharma teachings.

Bhante Vimalaramsi

is an American Buddhist monk and currently the Abbot of the Dhamma Sukha Meditation Center in Annapolis, Missouri.

Vipassana movement

The Vipassanā movement, also called the Insight Meditation Movement and American , refers to a branch of modern Burmese Theravāda Buddhism which promotes «bare insight» (sukha-vipassana) to attain stream entry and preserve the Buddhist teachings, which gained widespread popularity since the 1950s, and to its western derivatives which have been popularised since the 1970s, giving rise to the more dhyana-oriented mindfulness movement.

Daniel Goleman

is an author, psychologist and science journalist. For twelve years, he wrote for The New York Times, reporting on the brain and behavioral sciences. His 1995 book Emotional Intelligence was on The New York Times Best Seller list for a year and a half, a best-seller in many countries, and is in print worldwide in 40 languages. Apart from his books on emotional intelligence, Goleman has written books on topics including self-deception, creativity, transparency, meditation, social and emotional learning, ecoliteracy and the ecological crisis, and the Dalai Lama’s vision for the future.

Maraṇasati is a Buddhist meditation practice of remembering that death can strike at anytime, and we should practice assiduously appamada and with urgency in every moment, even in the time it takes to draw one breath. Not being diligent every moment, is called negligence by the Buddha. In the Earliest discourses of the Buddha, the term Maranasati is only explicitly defined twice, in those two suttas AN 6.19 and AN 6.20.

Memento mori

is an artistic or symbolic trope acting as a reminder of the inevitability of death. The concept has its roots in the philosophers of classical antiquity and Christianity, and appeared in funerary art and architecture from the medieval period onwards.

Craig Warren Smith

is an academic specializing in Human–computer interaction. He is chairman of a nonprofit organization, Digital Divide Institute, which is currently active in Indonesia, China, and Thailand.

Ānāpānasati Sutta

The Ānāpānasati Sutta (Pāli) or Ānāpānasmṛti Sūtra (Sanskrit), «Breath-Mindfulness Discourse,» Majjhima Nikaya 118, is a discourse that details the Buddha’s instruction on using awareness of the breath (anapana) as an initial focus for meditation.

Mindful Yoga

or Mindfulness Yoga combines Buddhist-style mindfulness practice with yoga as exercise to provide a means of exercise that is also meditative and useful for reducing stress. Buddhism and Hinduism have since ancient times shared many aspects of philosophy and practice including mindfulness, understanding the suffering caused by an erroneous view of reality, and using concentrated and meditative states to address such suffering.

Samatha-vipassana

Community of Mindful Living

The (CML) is a Buddhist community located in Berkeley, California. It was founded in 1983 by followers of the Vietnamese Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh and was incorporated in 1990 in California as a nonprofit religious organization. CML provides support for individuals and meditation groups (sanghas) worldwide who wish to practice in the tradition of Zen Buddhism associated with Thich Nhat Hanh. It also assists with the organization of retreats offered by Hanh and lay teachers in the United States and Canada. In December 1999, CML officially became a “Doing Business As” (DBA) arm of the Unified Buddhist Church, the governing body for Hanh’s various affiliated organizations.

Cyndi Lee

is a teacher of mindful yoga, a combination of Tibetan Buddhist practice and yoga as exercise. She has an international reputation and is the author of several books on her approach.

The Kāyagatāsati Sutta is a Pāḷi Buddhist sutta which outlines the development of mindfulness through contemplation of the body in order to reach jhāna.

Five Strengths

The in Buddhism are faith, energy, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom. They are one of the seven sets of Bodhipakkhiyadhamma. They are paralleled in the five spiritual faculties, which are also part of the Bodhipakkhiyadhamma.

Anne Cushman

is a teacher of yoga as exercise and meditation, an author on the intersection of those topics long thought to be distinct but now widely called Mindful Yoga, and a novelist. Her novel Enlightenment for Idiots was named by Booklist as one of the top ten novels of 2008.

Contemplative psychotherapy

is an approach to psychotherapy that includes the use of personal contemplative practices and insights informed by the spiritual tradition of Buddhism. Contemplative psychotherapy differs from other, more traditional methods of counseling in that the therapist brings to the therapeutic relationship qualities of mindfulness and compassion in order to help clients access their fundamental goodness and natural wisdom. The practice of Contemplative Psychotherapy grew out of a dialogue between Tibetan Buddhist master Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche and Western psychologists and psychiatrists. This discussion led to the opening of the Contemplative Psychotherapy Department at Naropa University in 1978 by Edward M. Podvoll, a psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and dedicated student of Trungpa.

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