Maestros espirituales del Theravada y modernismo budista

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**Theravāda** es el nombre más comúnmente aceptado de la escuela de budismo más antigua que aún existe.

El modernismo budista

En los siglos XIX y XX, los budistas de la tradición Theravāda entraron en contacto directo con ideologías occidentales, religiones y la ciencia moderna.

Las diversas respuestas a este encuentro han sido denominadas «modernismo budista».

Después de la independencia, Myanmar llevó a cabo el Sexto Concilio Budista (Vesak 1954 a Vesak 1956) para crear una nueva redacción del Canon Pali.

El movimiento Vipassana continuó creciendo tras la independencia, convirtiéndose en un movimiento internacional con centros alrededor del mundo.

Entre los influyentes maestros de meditación de la era posterior a la independencia se encuentran U Narada, Mahasi Sayadaw, Sayadaw U Pandita, Nyanaponika Thera, Webu Sayadaw, U Ba Khin y su discípulo S.N. Goenka.

Mientras tanto, en Tailandia, la religión se volvió mucho más centralizada, burocratizada y controlada por el estado tras una serie de reformas promovidas por los reyes tailandeses de la dinastía Chakri.

El crecimiento de las tradiciones forestales

El siglo XX también vio el crecimiento de las «tradiciones forestales», que se centraron en la vida en el bosque y la estricta disciplina monástica.

Los principales movimientos forestales de esta era son la Tradición Forestal de Sri Lanka y la Tradición Forestal Tailandesa, fundadas por Ajahn Mun (1870–1949) y sus discípulos.

Un número de monásticos senior en la Tradición Forestal Tailandesa, incluyendo a Buddhadasa, Ajahn Maha Bua, Ajahn Plien Panyapatipo, Ajahn Pasanno y Ajahn Jayasaro, han comenzado a enseñar retiros de meditación fuera del monasterio para discípulos laicos.

Ajahn Sumedho, un discípulo de Ajahn Chah, fundó el Monasterio Budista Amaravati en Hertfordshire, que cuenta con un centro de retiros específicamente para retiros laicos.

Sumedho extendió esto a Harnham en Northumberland como Aruna Ratanagiri bajo la actual guía de Ajahn Munindo, otro discípulo de Ajahn Chah.

La difusión del Theravāda alrededor del mundo

El budismo Theravāda en Camboya y Laos atravesó experiencias similares en la era moderna.

Durante finales de la década de 1980 y 1990, las actitudes oficiales hacia el budismo comenzaron a liberalizarse en Laos y hubo un resurgimiento de actividades budistas tradicionales como la acumulación de méritos y el estudio doctrinal.

La era moderna también vio la difusión del budismo Theravāda alrededor del mundo y el renacimiento de la religión en lugares donde sigue siendo una fe minoritaria.

Maestros prominentes de la tradición Theravāda

Esta es una lista de maestros importantes en la tradición Theravāda del budismo, tanto del pasado como del presente.

Yuttadhammo Bhikkhu

Yuttadhammo Bhikkhu es un monje budista canadiense. Fue ordenado en 2001 bajo Ajahn Tong Sirimangalo.

Joseph Goldstein (writer)

Joseph Goldstein is one of the first American vipassana teachers, co-founder of the Insight Meditation Society (IMS) with Jack Kornfield and Sharon Salzberg, a contemporary author of numerous popular books on Buddhism, a resident guiding teacher at IMS, and a leader of retreats worldwide on insight (vipassana) and lovingkindness (metta) meditation.

Ruth Denison

Ruth Denison was the first Buddhist teacher in the United States to lead an all-women’s retreat for Buddhist meditation and instruction. Her center, Dhamma Dena Desert Vipassana Center is located in the Mojave Desert, in Joshua Tree, California. She was also a teacher at the Insight Meditation Society in Barre, Massachusetts. She sometimes taught at Spirit Rock Meditation Center in Woodacre, California.

Tara Brach

Tara Brach is an American psychologist, author, and proponent of Buddhist meditation. She is a guiding teacher and founder of the Insight Meditation Community of Washington, D.C. (IMCW). Her colleagues in the Vipassanā, or insight meditation tradition, include Jack Kornfield, Sharon Salzberg, and Joseph Goldstein. Brach also teaches about Buddhist meditation at centers for meditation and yoga in the United States and Europe, including Spirit Rock Meditation Center in Woodacre, California; the Kripalu Center; and the Omega Institute for Holistic Studies.

Sujiva

Sujiva is a Malaysian Buddhist monk (samanera) and well known teacher of Vipassanā meditation in the Theravāda Buddhist tradition. Ven. Sujiva is one of the Buddhist teachers, who are responsible for developing a keen interest in Vipassanā meditation in the Western countries. He has written many books on vipassana and Metta meditation. He has also published several collections of poems.

Larry Rosenberg

Larry Rosenberg is an American Buddhist teacher who founded the Cambridge Insight Meditation Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1985. He is also a resident teacher there. Rosenberg was a professor of psychology at the University of Chicago and Harvard Medical School. In addition to teaching at the Insight Meditation Center in Cambridge, he is also a senior teacher at the Insight Meditation Society in Barre, Massachusetts.

Sharon Salzberg

Sharon Salzberg is a New York Times bestselling author and teacher of Buddhist meditation practices in the West. In 1974, she co-founded the Insight Meditation Society at Barre, Massachusetts, with Jack Kornfield and Joseph Goldstein. Her emphasis is on vipassanā (insight) and mettā (loving-kindness) methods, and has been leading meditation retreats around the world for over three decades. All of these methods have their origins in the Theravada Buddhist tradition. Her books include Lovingkindness: The Revolutionary Art of Happiness (1995), A Heart as Wide as the World (1999), Real Happiness – The Power of Meditation: A 28-Day Program (2010), which was on The New York Times Best Seller list in 2011, and the follow-up Real Happiness at Work (2013). She runs a Metta Hour podcast, and contributes monthly to a column On Being.

Walpola Rahula Thero

Walpola Rahula Thero (1907–1997) was a Sri Lankan Buddhist monk, scholar and writer. In 1964, he became the Professor of History and Religions at Northwestern University, thus becoming the first bhikkhu to hold a professorial chair in the Western world. He also once held the position of Vice-Chancellor at the then Vidyodaya University. He has written extensively about Buddhism in English, French and Sinhalese. He wrote the book What the Buddha Taught about Theravada Buddhism.

Stephen Levine (author)

Stephen Levine was an American poet, author and teacher best known for his work on death and dying. He is one of a generation of pioneering teachers who, along with Jack Kornfield, Joseph Goldstein and Sharon Salzberg, have made the teachings of Theravada Buddhism more widely available to students in the West. Like the writings of his colleague and close friend, Ram Dass, Stephen’s work is also flavoured by the devotional practices and teachings of the Hindu Guru Neem Karoli Baba. This aspect of his teaching may be considered one way in which his work differs from that of the more purely Buddhist oriented teachers named above. Allusions in his teachings to a creator, which he variously terms God, The Beloved, The One and ‘Uugghh,’ further distinguish his work from that of other contemporary Buddhist writers.

Shinzen Young

Shinzen Young is an American meditation teacher. He leads residential and phone-based meditation retreats for students interested in learning the Vipassana (insight) tradition of Buddhism. Shinzen was originally ordained in Japan as a monk in the Shingon tradition. He has studied and practiced extensively in other traditions, including Zen and Native American traditions.

Sayagyi U Ba Khin

Sayagyi U Ba Khin was the first Accountant General of the Union of Burma. He was the founder of the International Meditation Centre in Yangon, Myanmar and is principally known as a leading twentieth century authority on Vipassana meditation.

Achan Sobin S. Namto

Achan Sobin S. Namto is a Buddhist monk who has taught Vipassana meditation and Buddhist psychology in Southeast Asia and North America for over 50 years.

R. G. de S. Wettimuny

Ramsay G. de S. Wettimuny was a Buddhist writer.

Bhante Dharmawara

Samdach Vira Dharmawara Bellong Mahathera, also known simply as Bhante Dharmawara, was a Cambodian-born Theravada monk and teacher who died at the age of 110.

Phillip Moffitt

Phillip Moffitt is a vipassana (insight) meditation teacher, former publishing executive, author, and an instructor at Spirit Rock Meditation Center in Woodacre, California.

Noah Levine

Noah Levine is an American Buddhist teacher and author, son of American Buddhist teacher and poet Stephen Levine. As a counselor known for his philosophical alignment with Buddhism and punk ideology, he identifies his Buddhist beliefs and practices with both the Theravada and Mahayana traditions. He has written several books on Buddhism and Buddhist practice including Refuge Recovery: A Buddhist Path to Recovering from Addiction.

Kotapola Amarakitti Thero

Kotapola Amarakitti Thero is a Sri Lankan Buddhist monk and politician. He was a representative of Colombo for Jathika Hela Urumaya in the Parliament of Sri Lanka.

Kiribathgoda Gnanananda Thero

Kiribathgoda Gnanananda Thero is a Sri Lankan monk. who is the Founder of Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery and Shraddha Media Network.

Kee Nanayon

Upasika Kee Nanayon or Kor Khao-suan-luang was a Thai Buddhist upāsikā from Ratchaburi. After her retirement in 1945, she turned her home into a meditation center with her aunt and uncle. She was mostly self-taught, reading the Pali canon and other Buddhist literature. Her dhamma talks and poetry were widely circulated. As word of her spread, she became one of the most popular female meditation teachers in Thailand. Many of her talks have been translated into English by Thanissaro Bhikkhu, who sees her as «arguably the foremost woman Dhamma teacher in twentieth-century Thailand».

Godwin Samararatne

Acharya Godwin Samararatne was one of the best known lay meditation teachers in Sri Lanka in recent times. During his teaching career he was based at his Meditation Centre at Nilambe in the central hill country near Kandy. After his death in March 2000 letters and tributes poured in as many people around the world attested to the impact that Godwin and his teaching had made on their lives.

Dipa Ma

Nani Bala Barua, better known as Dipa Ma, was an Indian meditation teacher of Theravada Buddhism and was of Barua descent. She was a prominent Buddhist master in Asia and also taught in the United States where she influenced the American branch of the Vipassana movement.

Piya Tan

Piya Tan Beng Sin, also known as Piya Tan or Piyasilo, is a Peranakan full-time lay Buddhist writer-cum-teacher in Singapore. He actively teaches the Buddha’s Dharma, meditation and Pali to various Buddhist groups and organisations, and also works as a meditation therapist and counsellor at The Minding Centre (TMC). He is the first full-time lay Dharma worker («Dharmacari») in Singapore to be supported by donations from the Buddhist community.