Conceptos filosóficos budistas tibetanos que debes conocer

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En la erudición budista tibetana, la filosofía budista se expone tradicionalmente de acuerdo con una clasificación jerárquica de cuatro escuelas filosóficas indias clásicas, conocidas como los «cuatro principios» (drubta shyi).

Introducción a los sistemas de principios

Si bien el sistema clásico de principios se limita a cuatro doctrinas (Vaibhāṣika, Sautrāntika, Yogācāra y Madhyamaka), existen sub-clasificaciones adicionales dentro de estos diferentes principios.

Esta clasificación no incluye el Theravada, que es la única escuela sobreviviente de las 18 escuelas clásicas del budismo.

Tampoco incluye otras escuelas budistas indias, como Mahasamghika y Pudgalavada.

Los sistemas de principios se utilizan en monasterios y colegios para enseñar la filosofía budista de manera sistemática y progresiva, considerando cada punto de vista filosófico como más sutil que el anterior.

Por lo tanto, los cuatro principios pueden verse como un camino gradual que va desde un punto de vista filosófico «realista», relativamente fácil de comprender, hacia visiones cada vez más complejas y sutiles sobre la naturaleza última de la realidad, culminando en la filosofía de los Mādhyamikas, que se cree ampliamente que presenta el punto de vista más sofisticado.

Conceptos filosóficos budistas tibetanos

Este es un glosario de algunos conceptos filosóficos budistas tibetanos importantes.

Dzogchen

Dzogchen o «Gran Perfección», sánscrito: अतियोग, es una tradición de enseñanzas en el budismo tibetano destinada a descubrir y continuar en el estado primordial natural del ser. Es una enseñanza central de la escuela Nyingma del budismo tibetano y del Bon. En estas tradiciones, Dzogchen es el camino más alto y definitivo de los nueve vehículos hacia la liberación.

Bodhicitta

En el budismo Mahayana, bodhicitta es la mente (citta) que está dirigida hacia la iluminación (bodhi), con sabiduría y compasión para el beneficio de todos los seres sintientes. Bodhicitta es la cualidad definitoria del bodhisattva Mahayana y el acto de generar bodhicitta (bodhicittotpāda) es lo que convierte a un bodhisattva en un bodhisattva. El Daśabhūmika Sūtra explica que el surgimiento de bodhicitta es el primer paso en la carrera del bodhisattva.

Bardo

En algunas escuelas del budismo, bardo o antarabhāva (sánscrito) es un estado intermedio, transicional o liminal entre la muerte y el renacimiento. Es un concepto que surgió poco después del fallecimiento del Buda, con varios grupos budistas anteriores aceptando la existencia de tal estado intermedio, mientras que otras escuelas lo rechazaron. En el budismo tibetano, el bardo es el tema central del Bardo Thodol, el Libro Tibetano de los Muertos.

Chöd

Chöd es una práctica espiritual que se encuentra principalmente en las escuelas Nyingma y Kagyu del budismo tibetano. También conocida como «Cortar a través del ego», las prácticas se basan en los sutras de Prajñāpāramitā o «Perfección de la Sabiduría», que exponen el concepto de «vacío» de la filosofía budista.

Rigpa

En la enseñanza del Dzogchen, rigpa es el conocimiento de la base. El opuesto de rigpa es marigpa.

Three Jewels and Three Roots

In Buddhism, the Three Jewels, Triple Gem, or Three Refuges are the supports in which a Buddhist takes refuge by means of a prayer or recitation at the beginning of the day or of a practice session.

Rangtong-Shentong

Rangtong y shentong son dos visiones distintivas sobre la vacuidad (sunyata) y la doctrina de las dos verdades dentro del budismo tibetano.

History of Dzogchen

Dzogchen, also known as atiyoga, is a tradition of teachings in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism aimed at discovering and continuing in the ultimate ground of existence. The primordial ground is said to have the qualities of purity, spontaneity and compassion. The goal of Dzogchen is knowledge of this basis, this knowledge is called rigpa . There are numerous spiritual practices taught in the various Dzogchen systems for recognizing rigpa.

Ground (Dzogchen)

In the Dzogchen tradition in Tibetan Buddhism ground is the primordial state. It is an essential component of the Dzogchen tradition for both the Bonpo and the Nyingmapa. Knowledge of this Ground is called rigpa.

Five wisdoms

The Five Wisdoms are five kinds of wisdoms which appear when the mind is purified of the five disturbing emotions and the natural mind appears. All of those five wisdoms are represented by one of the five buddha-families.

Terma (religion)

Terma are various forms of hidden teachings that are key to Vajrayana or Tibetan Buddhist and Bon religious traditions. The belief is that these teachings were originally esoterically hidden by various adepts such as Padmasambhava and dakini such as Yeshe Tsogyal (consorts) during the 8th century, for future discovery at auspicious times by other adepts, who are known as tertöns. As such, terma represent a tradition of continuous revelation in Vajrayana or Tibetan Buddhism. Termas are a part of tantric literature.

Eleven vajra topics

In Dzogchen, the eleven vajra topics explain the view of the secret instruction series. These can be found in the String of Pearls Tantra, the Great Commentary by Vimalamitra as well as in Longchenpa’s Treasury of Word and Meaning. The String of Pearls Tantra briefly lists them as follows:Although reality is inconceivable, pristine consciousness has three aspects. Though there are many bases of delusion, it is natural perfection and compassion. Abiding within oneself are the kāyas, families, and pristine consciousnesses. The location of buddhamind is in the center of the heart. The path is the four nāḍīs; vāyu causes movement. There are four gates of arising: the eyes and so on. The field is the sky free of clouds. The practice is trekchö and thögal. The gauge is the yoga of four confidences. The bardo is the meeting of the mother and child. The stage of liberation comes first.

View (Dzogchen)

In Dzogchen, the view is one of the Three Dharmas of the Path of Dzogchen. The other two dharmas of the path are practice (gompa) and conduct (chöpa).

Karma in Tibetan Buddhism

Karma in Tibetan Buddhism is one of the central issues addressed in Eastern philosophy, and an important part of its general practice.

Faith in Nyingma Buddhist Dharma

In the Nyingma Tibetan Buddhist Dharma teachings faith’s essence is to make one’s being, and perfect dharma, inseparable. The etymology is the aspiration to achieve one’s goal. Faith’s virtues are like a fertile field, a wishing gem, a king who enforces the law, someone who holds the carefulness stronghold, a boat on a great river and an escort in a dangerous place. Faith in karma causes temporary happiness in the higher realms. Faith is a mental state in the Abhidharma literature’s fifty-one mental states. Perfect faith in the Buddha, his Teaching (Dharma) and the Order of his Disciples (Sangha) is comprehending these three jewels of refuge with serene joy based on conviction. The Tibetan word for faith is day-pa, which might be closer in meaning to confidence, or trust.

Sixteen characteristics

The sixteen characteristics are an extended elaboration of the Four Noble Truths. For each truth, they describe four characteristics.

Spiritual materialism

Spiritual materialism is a term coined by Chögyam Trungpa in his book Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism. The book is a compendium of his talks explaining Buddhism given while opening the Karma Dzong meditation center in Boulder, Colorado. He expands on the concept in later seminars that became books such as Work, Sex, Money. He uses the term to describe mistakes spiritual seekers commit which turn the pursuit of spirituality into an ego building and confusion creating endeavor, based on the idea that ego development is counter to spiritual progress.